A small piece of sodium metal is placed in a flask of chlorine gas. A little water helps expose the sodium so it can react with the chlorine gas. The reaction releases a lot of heat as the ionic ...

Chlorine dioxide (ClO 2), also known as chlorine peroxide and chlorine(IV) oxide, is a low-boiling red-brown liquid and yellow-green gas. It has an odd number of valence electrons, which makes it an ...

The distribution of outermost shell electrons, known as valence electrons, of organic molecules was observed for the first time. As the interactions between atoms are governed by the valence electrons ...

Time-resolved imaging of chemically active valence electron densities is a long-sought goal, as these electrons dictate the course of chemical reactions. However, X-ray scattering is always dominated ...